Week 3 Assignment: Comparing and Contrasting Healthcare Systems and the APRN Role Internationally Walden University

Week 3 Assignment: Comparing and Contrasting Healthcare Systems and the APRN Role Internationally Walden University

Week 3 Assignment: Comparing and Contrasting Healthcare Systems and the APRN Role Internationally Walden University

Assignment Guidelines

Access the 2020 edition of International Health Care System Profiles

Links to an external site., published by The Commonwealth Fund. Use this resource and at least two other sources to complete the assignment.

Select a country for comparison and contrast with the United States healthcare system. Analyze the similarities and differences based on the following:

• Who receives coverage?
• What services are covered?
• How are costs contained?
• What is the role of the government?
• How is the healthcare system financed?
• What does the APRN role look like?
• What policies and professional regulations are in place to ensure ethical APRN practice?

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In your opinion, how does the U.S. healthcare system fare when compared to other healthcare systems? What would you change about it? What would you leave the same?

Compose an essay of 1000 words comparing and contrasting the U.S. healthcare system with the country you selected. Consider the actual services provided, cost containment, and how the system is financed.

Analyze the role of the APRN in the selected country. Consider the barriers and facilitators impacting implementation of APRN roles and ethical practices.

Cite at least two sources (not older than five years) to support your conclusions. Paper should adhere to APA formatting.

Submission

Submit your assignment and review full grading criteria on the Assignment 3.1: Comparing and Contrasting Healthcare Systems and the APRN Role Internationally page.

Review the following video defining what the U.S. Census Bureau uses to develop healthcare policy.

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Introduction to Health Insurance Coverage in the United States

U.S. Census Bureau. (2019, September 10). Introduction to Health Insurance Coverage in the United States (0:45 minutes)

Links to an external site. [Video]. YouTube.

Introduction to Health Insurance Coverage in the United States Transcript

Week 3: Healthcare Delivery in the United States and Other Models

Lesson 1: Healthcare Delivery in the United States and Other Models

Introduction

Welcome to Week 3! During this week, we will review the healthcare delivery system in the United States and other models for healthcare delivery in countries outside the United States. You will read selected learning materials and complete a written assignment.

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Learning Outcomes

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:

• Compare and contrast the U.S. healthcare system with other models.
• Analyze the APRN role from an international perspective.
• Discuss the implications of health care reform and finance on APRN practice.
• Analyze the factors influencing the impact and outlook of the Patient Protection Affordable Care Act (PPACA).

Before attempting to complete your learning activities for this week, review the following learning materials.

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Learning Materials

The information provided in these resources will help prepare you to adequately complete this week’s written assignment.

Read the following in your Health Policy and Advanced Practice Nursing textbook:

Chapter 23, “Moving Toward Accountable Care: A Policy Framework to Transform Health Care Delivery and Reimbursement”

Additional Required Resources

The Commonwealth Fund. (2020). International health care system profiles

Week 3 Assignment: Comparing and Contrasting Healthcare Systems and the APRN Role Internationally Walden University Sample

Comparing and Contrasting Healthcare Systems and the APRN Role Internationally

Every nation’s healthcare system reflects the future of its people because a well-designed healthcare system helps to keep its population healthy and promotes stress-free living standards. Policies and healthcare legislation must foster a healthy environment inside the country and aid in increasing public awareness of health-related issues (Choi et al., 2019). Each country has its perspective on the evolution of healthcare systems. The research conducted in this paper was focused on analyzing and contrasting the healthcare systems of the United States and South Korea.

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Who receives coverage?

In South Korea, health insurance is required for all people, with the government paying for universal coverage via a national health insurance plan. Health insurance is not required in the United States, yet the Affordable Care Act (ACA) mandates most individuals to carry health coverage or face a tax penalty (Berchick et al., 2019). In South Korea, around 86 percent of the population is enrolled in the national health-insurance program, compared to slightly more than half of the people in the United States at 55% (Lozano et al., 2020). In addition to the state health insurance scheme, both nations provide private health insurance choices. Private health insurance is less widespread in South Korea, with only 14% of the population registered in a private plan. Private health insurance is available to 36% of the population in the United States (Lee & Lee, 2020).

What services are covered?

            The national health insurance plan in South Korea encompasses a broad range of services, such as inpatient and outpatient treatment, preventative care, prescription medications, dental services, and long-term care (Lee & Lee, 2020). The Affordable Care Act (ACA) mandates all plans in the United States to cover a range of essential medical benefits, which comprises in-patient and out-patient care, prescription medicines, obstetrics and prenatal care, mental health care, and substance misuse services, among others (Ruhter et al., 2021).

How are costs contained?

All medical services, medications, and devices in South Korea are priced by the government. Prices are bargained between the practitioners and the insurer, with the national government establishing a maximum amount that the insurance will pay (Choi et al., 2019). There is no single-payer system in the United States. Private insurance firms, on the other hand, negotiate pricing with healthcare providers. The government does place certain restrictions on what Medicare, the government-run healthcare program for the elderly and those with disabilities, will pay for some procedures.

What is the role of the government?

The government is heavily involved in both the U.S. and South Korean healthcare systems. In South Korea, the federal govt is the sole payer of healthcare services, which means that it covers all medical expenses (Lozano et al., 2020). All medical services, medications, and devices are also priced by the government. The government supervises the private health insurance market in the US and governs the public Medicaid and Medicare programs (Berchick et al., 2019). In addition, the government finances research and development of novel therapies and medications.

How is the healthcare system financed?

The national health insurance scheme in South Korea is supported by a combination of payroll taxes, employer payments, and direct payments from subscribers (Han, 2020). The healthcare system in the United States is funded by a combination of commercial health insurance, public healthcare insurance (Medicaid and Medicare), and out-of-pocket payments (Ruhter et al., 2021).

What does the APRN role look like?

The APRN’s job description in South Korea is comparable to the APRN’s role in the US healthcare system. APRNs are advanced practice registered nurses dedicated to providing patients with a wide range of general and specialized care services. APNs in South Korea must have a master’s nursing degree and a practicing license (Lozano et al., 2020). APNs in the United States must have a master’s nursing degree and national certification in their area of specialty, in addition to a practice license in the specific state.

What policies and professional regulations are in place to ensure ethical APRN practice?

The Korea Nurses Association (KNA) is the professional body that represents APRNs in South Korea. The KNA has an ethical code that all APNs must observe (Han, 2020). The American Nurses Association (ANA) on the other hand, is the professional association that represents APNs in the United States. The ANA has an ethical code to that all APNs must adhere (Yang et al., 2020).

In your opinion, how does the U.S. healthcare system fare when compared to other healthcare systems? What would you change about it? What would you leave the same?

In terms of access, cost, and outcomes, the US healthcare system is ranked relatively high compared to other countries. Regarding access, America has a small number of uninsured persons, which means that many people have access to care. In terms of expense, the US spends huge amounts of money on healthcare compared to any other country, yet the results are not greater. In terms of outcomes, the U.S. has a lower life expectancy and infant mortality rate than other industrialized countries, as well as a greater rate of chronic illness. The healthcare system in the United States might however be improved in a variety of ways  (Yang et al., 2020). One significant change would be the implementation of a single-payer system, similar to that used in South Korea. One thing that should not change is the role of APNs. APNs play an important role in providing patients with general and specialized care.

Conclusion

As illustrated above, the role of the APRN in South Korea is comparable to that of the APRN in the United States. However, there are a few impediments to the adoption of APRN functions in both nations. First, there is a national scarcity of APRNs. Second, the government sets the costs for all medical services, which might influence APRNs’ capacity to make a living salary. Finally, the KNA and ANA have an ethical code that all APRNs must adhere to.

References

Berchick, E. R., Barnett, J. C., & Upton, R. D. (2019). Health Insurance Coverage in the United States, 2018: Current Population Reports. US Department of Commerce, US Census Bureau.

Choi, S., Jang, S. G., & Lee, W. (2019). The Scope of Practice for Registered Nurses in 64 South Korean Laws. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing, 49(6), 760. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2019.49.6.760

Han, N. (2020). Korean Nurses’ Participation in Healthcare Policy Reform: A Phenomenological Study. Journal of Nursing Management. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13088

Lee, N., & Lee, H.-J. (2020). South Korean Nurses’ Experiences with Patient Care at a COVID-19-Designated Hospital: Growth after the Frontline Battle against an Infectious Disease Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(23), 9015. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17239015

Lozano, R., Fullman, N., Mumford, J. E., Knight, M., Barthelemy, C. M., Abbafati, C., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdollahi, M., Abedi, A., Abolhassani, H., Abosetugn, A. E., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., Haimed, A. K. A., Abushouk, A. I., Adabi, M., Adebayo, O. M., Adekanmbi, V., & Adelson, J. (2020). Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30750-9

Ruhter, J., Conmy, A. B., Chu, R., Peters, C., De Lew, N., & Sommers, B. D. (2021). Tracking health insurance coverage in 2020-2021. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, Office of Health Policy.

Yang, B. K., Johantgen, M. E., Trinkoff, A. M., Idzik, S. R., Wince, J., & Tomlinson, C. (2020). State Nurse Practitioner Practice Regulations and the U.S. Health Care Delivery Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Medical Care Research and Review: MCRR, 78(3), 1077558719901216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558719901216