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Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Genetic and neuroscientific factors have been explained to play a role in the development of psychopathology. According to Sadock, et al., (2015), information from sequencing of the human genome and sequence variations contribute to differences between individuals both phenotypically and in their susceptibility to various pathologies. In the field of psychiatry, psychopathology can originate from etiological complex traits due to “incomplete penetrance, presence of phenocopies, locus heterogeneity or polygenic inheritance” (Sadock, et al., 2015) in some people but not others. The authors further assert that mental disorders result from abnormalities in neuroanatomical circuits and synaptic regulation and neurotransmission Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology.

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Additionally, psychological factors are implicated in the development of psychopathology. Family background and developmental processes such as adversity exposure, or early behavior or emotional problems and Personal relationships affect behavioral, emotional and cognitive processes and play a role in the development of persons (Masten, 2006). Varied experiences or relationships among changing systems can shape and influence or predispose individuals to the development of psychopathology in the presence of maladaptation but the behavior of the individual also influences the nature of experiences and the quality of its environmental association, Sameroff (2009) as cited by Masten & Kalstabakken (2018). Developmental stages in life have an influence on psychopathology. For example, according to Benoit, Lacourse, & Claes, 2013) as cited by Butcher, & Kendall (2018), pubertal developmental stage is said to have a relationship with adolescent depression and age is also noted as a factor in adjustment to trauma (Furr, Comer, Edmunds, & Kendall, 2010; Parker et al., 2016) as cited by Butcher, & Kendall (2018).

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Mental health disorders are closely associated with social, and cultural world factors (Cheung, & Mak, 2018). People in lower socio economic positions who are unemployed, and less educated are found to be associated with higher prevalence of Psychopathological disorders (Fryers, Melzer, & Jenkins, 2003) as cited by Cheung, & Mak, (2018) Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology. Gender and sexual orientation are also reported to influence the development of psychopathology. To buttress this point, according to Marmot, et al., (1997) as cited by Cheung, & Mak, (2018), records from the National Survey of Midlife Development conducted in the United States show gay and bisexual men are found to have higher prevalence and overall psychological distress than heterosexual men.

Ethnicity is another dynamic found by researchers to play a role in the development of mental health disorders. Certain ethnicities view symptoms of mental illness differently and associate etiologies to being possessed by evil spites or other supernatural causes and treatments/management for such conditions are different and inefficient leading to an increase in the complexity of psychopathology Sadock, 2015).

References

Butcher, J. N., & Kendall, P. C. (2018). Introduction to childhood and adolescent psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology. Vol. 2. (pp. 3–14). American Psychological Association. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000065-001

Cheung, F. M., & Mak, W. W. S. (2018). Sociocultural factors in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders., Vol. 1. (pp. 127–147). American Psychological Association. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-006

Masten, A. S., & Kalstabakken, A. W. (2018). Developmental perspectives on psychopathology in children and adolescents. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology., Vol. 2. (pp. 15–36). American Psychological Association. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000065-002

Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

Hello XXX,

Thank you for this informative post. I agree that culture plays a vital role in developing mental disorders, along with genetics and the environment to which we are exposed. There are theoretical frameworks to explore the correlation between genetic and environmental factors. One framework suggests that an individual is susceptible to positive and negative environmental effects based on the genes involved in responding to the environment. These genes are referred to as plasticity genes. Studies propose that plasticity genes increase the risk of psychiatric disorders in negative environments or alleviate the risk in positive conditions (Esposito et al., 2018) Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology.

Social and cultural factors can influence several aspects of psychopathology, from how the individual presents to how the clinician assesses and classifies. Multiple studies have shown mental health disparities among diverse groups based on social classes, ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation. Factors included lower education, unemployment, and race-related stressors such as discrimination. Some individuals lack access to care or financial means to obtain services (mental health and medical) that interfere with appropriate mental health care. As a clinician, there may be bias when assessing, labeling, and providing treatment as well based on social and cultural factors (Cheung & MAK, 2018). It is essential for the clinician to use a multidimensional model of psychopathology. Factors that influence the development and presentation of mental illness must be assessed since multiple causes are working together. This varies on an individual basis, depending on the factors mentioned (culture, ethnicity, genetics, environment, education, assess to care, socioeconomic status). It is important to see the whole picture to provide the best treatment/care to the individual.

References:

Cheung, F. M., & Mak, W. W. (2018). Sociocultural factors in psychopathology. APA Handbook of Psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, Assessing, and Treating Adult Mental Disorders (Vol. 1)., 127–147. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-006

Esposito, G., Azhari, A., & Borelli, J. L. (2018). Gene × environment interaction in developmental disorders: Where do we stand and what’s next? Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02036 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

Hi XXX

The study of mental illness is known as psychopathology. Psychopathology can be influenced by culture, social, biological, and psychological variables. Researchers have been studying humans for years to see if hereditary or environmental factors have a greater impact on a person’s behavior. It will be easier to find effective treatments if we can better understand why a mental problem arises (Cuncic, 2020). I shall list various factors that influence psychopathology in this discussion thread. There are two types of reasons for mental and psychosomatic disorders: proximate and ultimate (evolutionary). Genetic variables, epigenetic regulation, childhood trauma and other life events, as well as senescence, are all potential proximate causes.

References

Contreras, A., Nieto, I., Valiente, C., Espinosa, R., & Vazquez, C. (2019). The study of psychopathology from the network analysis perspective: A systematic review. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 88(2), 71-83.

McNally, R. J. (2021). Network analysis of psychopathology: controversies and challenges. Annual review of clinical psychology, 17, 31-53 Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology.

Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

 

To Prepare:

  • Review this week’s Learning Resources, considering the many interacting factors that contribute to the development of psychopathology.
  • Consider how theoretical perspective on psychopathology impacts the work of the PMHNP.
By Day 3 of Week 1

Explain the biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental); and social, cultural, and interpersonal factors that influence the development of psychopathology.

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses

By Day 6 of Week 1

Respond to at least two of your colleagues on 2 different days by explaining the implications of why, as an advanced practice nurse, it is important to adopt a multidimensional, integrative model of psychopathology.

Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology Main Post

          The development of psychopathology stems from various factors, including biological, psychological, social, cultural, and interpersonal. The study of

this is ongoing, and there does not seem to be a definitive conclusion. Still, studies suggest a mix and match of the above factors that can lead to the development of

psychopathology.

According to Sadock et al., approximately 40 to 70 percent of cognition, temperament, and personality are linked to genetic factors. With the knowledge that

these also are affected by mental illness, there is reason to believe that genetics play a role in developing psychopathology (2015). Ledford reports genetic links to

depression that are promising, though still undergoing further research (2015). Polygenes are associated with externalizing problems in youth from gene

transmission (Butcher & Kendall, 2018).   Research continues to find the specific genes linked with mental illness.

When looking at behavioral, developmental, and emotional factors, compelling research supports these factors contributing to psychopathology. A child’s

behavior can be impacted by even minor changes in their life circumstances. Mood and anxiety disorders that begin in childhood are often described as “gateways”

to mental health issues in adulthood (Butcher & Kendall, 2018). McGuire et al. report a seven-year study with veterans showing dispositional gratitude decreased Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

psychopathology development (2022).  Psychological factors contribute to psychopathology.

Culture is also a significant factor. In some cultures, mental illness is not recognized or accepted.  In other cultures, what the DSM-5 would diagnose as

a mental illness is seen as a spiritual possession (Cheung & Mak, 2018).

Butcher & Kendall explain the mismatch of factors stating genetics give the predisposition to psychopathology. Still, the environment that someone lives in

will shape which of those dispositions emerge (2018).

References

Butcher, J. N., & Kendall, P. C. (2018). Introduction to childhood and adolescent psychopathology. In APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent

          psychopathology., Vol. 2. American Psychological Association.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0000065-001

Cheung, F. M., & Mak, W. W. S. (2018). Sociocultural factors in psychopathology. In APA handbook of psychopathology:  Psychopathology: Understanding,

          assessing, and treating adult mental disorders., Vol. 1. American Psychological Association.  https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-006

Ledford, H. (2015). First robust genetic links to depression  emerge.  Nature, 523(7560).  doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/523268a

McGuire, A. P., Fagan, J. G., Tsai, J., Merians, A. N., Nichter, B., Norman, S. B., Southwick, S. M., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2022).  Dispositional gratitude

predicts the development of psychopathology and suicidal behaviors: Results from a 7- year population-based study of U.S. military

veterans.  Journal of Psychiatric Research, 149.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.02.028

Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology responses

XXX

I enjoyed reading your post and your insight into the factors that are involved in psychopathology. There are many factors that fall into the three categories that we discussed and are important to be taken into consideration when having the patient under your treatment. For example, in addition to genetics, a persons physical health also plays a role in the biological factors contributing to psychopathology. A persons phsyical wellbeing can greatly impact their mental wellbeing. If the patient is experiencing chronic pain this may increase their risk for suicidal thoughts or depression. In addition, ones gender can inflence the societal stressors that a patient faces and increase likelihood of mental illness (Buthcher & Kendall, 2018). Alterations in cognitive effects may also impact mental health (Jackson & Milberg, 2018). It is always important to take into consider the three factors of psychopathogy as they all play a role that influence the way a preson presents with mental illness and the severity of the mental illness.

References

Butcher, J. N., & Kendall, P. C. (2018). Introduction to childhood and adolescent psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology., Vol. 2. (pp. 3–14). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000065-00

Jackson, C. E., & Milberg, W. P. (2018). Examination of neurological and neuropsychological features in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders., Vol. 1. (pp. 65–90). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-004

Nice post XX

Indeed there is a myriad of research documenting that mental health disorders are closely associated with social, and cultural world factors (Cheung, & Mak, 2018). Evidence show that people in lower socio economic positions and less educated people are associated with higher prevalence of Psychopathological disorders (Fryers, Melzer, & Jenkins, 2003) as cited by Cheung, & Mak, (2018). As rightly pointed out by Abigail in her response to you, gender and sexual orientation are also reported to influence the development of psychopathology. Marmot, et al., (1997) as cited by Cheung, & Mak, (2018), reference records from the National Survey of Midlife Development conducted in the United States that show that gay and bisexual men are found to have higher prevalence and overall psychological distress than heterosexual men.

Additionally, genetics and psychological factors are implicated in the development of psychopathology. Family background and adversity exposure and personal relationships affect behavioral, emotional and cognitive processes and play a role in the development of persons by Masten & Kalstabakken (2018). Varied experiences and relationships and maladaptation to changing systems do influence and predispose individuals to the development of psychopathology. However, the behavior of the individual also influences the nature of experiences and the quality of environmental association, Sameroff (2009) as cited by Masten & Kalstabakken (2018).

References

Cheung, F. M., & Mak, W. W. S. (2018). Sociocultural factors in psychopathology. In J. N. Butcher & J. M. Hooley (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Psychopathology: Understanding, assessing, and treating adult mental disorders. Vol. 1. (pp. 127–147). American Psychological Association. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000064-006

Masten, A. S., & Kalstabakken, A. W. (2018). Developmental perspectives on psychopathology in children and adolescents. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology., Vol. 2. (pp. 15–36). American Psychological Association. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://doi.org/10.1037/0000065-

XXX

You are right on regarding the culture aspect in mental illness.

The development of mental health is prevalent with ineffective interpersonal relationships and one’s culture. According to Klein et al. (2021), borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a mental illness derived from unstable interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotional and behavioral deregulation. This health inequity is associated with stressful childhood, life events, or biological heritability. BPD is the hallmark disorder of emotional and interpersonal dysregulation. Howard and Chaeavens (2022) suggested that emotion regulation is formed with the infant and its caregiver relationship and carries to adulthood and throughout the life span.

According to Choudhary and Gupta (2020), BPD characteristics are determined by cultural norms influenced by personality problems with emotion dysregulation and interpersonal hypersensitivity. For instance, the parent consistently experiences anhedonia that prevents the child from identifying with happiness. Sadock et al. (2015) exclaimed neuron tracing experiments in culture and in vivo demonstrate that the neocortex, a dorsal forebrain derivative, is also populated by neurons generated in the ventral forebrain. Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

References

Choudhary, S., & Gupta, R. (2020). Culture and borderline personality disorder in India. Frontiers in Psychology, 11.

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00714

Howard, K. P., & Cheavens, J. S. (2022). Interpersonal emotion regulation in the context of social networks: A focus on borderline personality

disorder. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000566

Klein, P., Fairweather, A., Lawn, S., Stallman, H., & Cammell, P. (2021). Structural stigma and its impact on healthcare for consumers with

borderline personality disorder: protocol for a scoping review. Systematic Reviews, 10(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-021-01580-1

Sadock, B. J., Sadock, V. A., & Ruiz, P. (2015). Kaplan & Sadock’s synopsis of psychiatry (11th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

Dear XX

Thank you for the post on the discussion.

 

“A child’s behavior can be impacted by even minor changes in their life circumstances” is such a true statement that you made. Mental illness appears in more than half of Americans in their life span. Multiple factors cause these.

 

When children are in utero, a mother’s exposure to infections and viruses can be a cause. Also, the risk of substance abuse and malnutrition can affect the fetus. Family history can influence brain development by association with gene development. All of this list of factors is biological. (Masten & Kalstabakken, 2018) Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology.

Many other factors can influence a child’s brain and mental status after a child is born—water and air quality and exposure to microorganisms. Parents, friends and teachers, media, administrations and policies, and health care should also be added. The older children, the greater the impact is on their mental health and acquiring mental disorders. This impact is due to the interconnection with more organizations and opportunities in their lives. (Masten & Kalstabakken, 2018).

 

A child must be thoroughly examined to decide if biological factors are a cause. These exams include a complete physical exam, a mental evaluation, and a thorough family medical history. Most children do not begin to show symptoms until they begin school; therefore, the illness is not acknowledged until other comorbidities occur. (Medline Plus, 2020).

 

References

Masten, S.& Kalstabakken, A. (2018). Developmental perspectives on psychopathology in children and adolescents. In J.N. Butcher & P.C.Kendals (Eds), APA handbook of                     Psychopathology: Child & Adolescent psychopathology. 2(15-36). American Psychopathology Association.

 

Medline (2020). Mental disorders retrieved from                                                                                                                                  https://medlineplus.gov/mentaldisorders.html

 

Discussion: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology

 

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