Assignment: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology Walden University

Assignment: Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopathology Walden University

In many realms of medicine, objective diagnoses can be made: A clavicula is broken.  An infection is present. TSH levels meet the diagnostic criteria for hypothyroidism. Psychiatry, on the other hand, deals with psychological phenomena and behaviors. Can these, too, be “defined objectively and by scientific criteria (Gergen, 1985), or are they social constructions?” (Boland, Verduin, & Ruiz, 2022).

Thanks to myriad advances during recent decades, we know that psychopathology is caused by many interacting factors. Theoretical and clinical contributions to the field have come from the neural sciences, genetics, psychology, and social-cultural sciences. How do these factors impact the expression, classification, diagnosis, and prevalence of psychopathology, and why might it be important for a nurse practitioner to take a multidimensional, integrative approach?

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Resources

Be sure to review the Learning Resources before completing this activity.
Click the weekly resources link to access the resources.

WEEKLY RESOURCES

To Prepare:

• Review this week’s Learning Resources, considering the many interacting factors that contribute to the development of psychopathology.
• Consider how theoretical perspective on psychopathology impacts the work of the PMHNP.

By Day 3 of Week 1

Explain the biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental); and social, cultural, and interpersonal factors that influence the development of psychopathology.

Read a selection of your colleagues’ responses

By Day 6 of Week 1

Respond to at least two of your colleagues on 2 different days by explaining the implications of why, as an advanced practice nurse, it is important to adopt a multidimensional, integrative model of psychopathology.

Note: For this Discussion, you are required to complete your initial post before you will be able to view and respond to your colleagues’ postings. Begin by clicking on the “Post to Discussion Question” link, and then select “Create Thread” to complete your initial post. Remember, once you click on Submit, you cannot delete or edit your own posts, and you cannot post anonymously. Please check your post carefully before clicking on Submit!

 

RESPOND TO STACEY (150 WORDS, 2 SOURCES)

Biological Factors

Biological factors feature heavily as part of the reasons for the occurrence of some mental disorders. Genetic factors are among these elements. Smoller et al. (2019) note that some genetics expose people to mental disorders. The authors indicate that studies done over the years have illustrated this effect. For instance, studies focused on families show that these issues are inheritable. Similarly, twin studies have had similar findings, showing the potential of twins having similar vulnerability to psychological issues. Neuroscientific factors can also explain the occurrence of these issues. Indeed, psychopathology is explainable through these roots because of the significant role of the nervous system in brain functioning. In this case, abnormalities within the system could cause massive psychological problems (Lebowitz & Appelbaum, 2019). Several issues within the system could explain the occurrence of such disorders. Imbalances in the neurotransmitters could lead to various psychological issues. For example, depression could occur due to serotonin imbalances. Issues with neural circuitry are also among the factors that lead to psychopathology. Disrupted connections between different areas of the brain can explain these connections. In this manner, biological factors are accountable for the incidence of mental illnesses.

Psychological Factors

Different psychological factors are responsible for the incidence of different psychological issues. Impaired behavioral and cognitive processes are among the major elements that result in these issues. Regarding cognition, biased attention to stimuli increases the vulnerability of individuals to mental disorders. For instance, attention biases to fears can expose people, especially children, to stress and anxiety (Troller-Renfree et al., 2018). These behaviors expose people to adverse psychological health outcomes. Emotional factors are also accountable for some mental health issues. The connection emanates from its impact on attention and positive biases. For example, the emotions that people harbor influence how they react to events. For instance, negative emotions to threats may lead to anxiety. In other cases, persistent negative emotions can also push people towards adverse mental health. Their inability to regulate emotions well could also result in these issues. For example, post-traumatic stress occurs due to persistent exposure to negative emotions. On its part, developmental factors are also accountable for the occurrence of some mental health issues. Among these factors are the experiences during childhood when children are still developing their cognition. These experiences disrupt the normal growth of children, exposing them to adverse health outcomes when they are still young or even when they are grown. These factors explain how psychological elements influence how psychopathology develops.

Social, Cultural, and Interpersonal Factors

The development of mental issues is also explainable through the interaction of people with their society, culture, and other people. Society and culture have an immense impact on how behave. Moleiro (2018) contends that it determines the adjustment and maladjustment of human behavior. In this manner, the social environment has a critical impact on the development and treatment of psychological disorders. For instance, financial issues can push people into stress. Cultural factors are also influential, especially in determining how people interact and respond to events. For example, some people are susceptible to stigma because of their cultures. Interpersonal factors are also relevant because of their connection to how people cope with adversity. People with excellent social skills can cope with negative events well compared to those who do not. These factors offer an excellent explanation for the development of psychopathology.

References

Lebowitz, M. S., & Appelbaum, P. S. (2019). Biomedical explanations of psychopathology and their implications for attitudes and beliefs about mental disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 15, 555-577. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095416.

Moleiro, C. (2018). Culture and psychopathology: New perspectives on research, practice, and clinical training in a globalized world. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00366.

Smoller, J. W., Andreassen, O. A., Edenberg, H. J., Faraone, S. V., Glatt, S. J., & Kendler, K. S. (2019). Psychiatric genetics and the structure of psychopathology. Molecular Psychiatry, 24(3), 409-420. DOI: 10.1038/s41380-017-0010-4.

Troller‐Renfree, S., Zeanah, C. H., Nelson, C. A., & Fox, N. A. (2018). Neural and cognitive factors influencing the emergence of psychopathology: Insights from the Bucharest early intervention project. Child Development Perspectives, 12(1), 28-33. DOI: 10.1111/cdep.12251.

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RESPOND TO ELVIRA (150 WORDS, 2 SOURCES)

Psychopathology explores the causes of mental illness that people suffer from daily to help in get proper treatment. Psychopathology development can be attributed to biological, psychological, sociocultural, and interpersonal factors.

Biological factors involving genes and neurocognitive deficits contribute to mental health illness. Studies show that mental illnesses such as autism and bipolar disorders have been strongly associated with genetic contributions because of the high heritability of the disorders (Boland Verduin and Ruiz, 2022). Genes can be passed from the family with a certain mental illness to a child who inherits certain traits, making it difficult for their brain to deal with the risk of mental disorders. As humans develop, genetic, environmental, and exposure can impact a person’s mental health (Masten and Kalstabakken, (2018). Neurocognitive deficits can also cause psychological disorders. Humans’ actions result from their neurocognitive performance; if there is a neurocognitive deficit, reflection and selection actions may also be influenced by a lack of effective information processing that results in abnormal behaviors (Haywood et al., 2022.). Genetics and neurodevelopment deficits may thus have a direct impact on mental illness.

Psychological factors such as behavioral, cognitive process, emotional, and development may cause psychopathology development. Psychological factors are life events that an individual goes through during their development. For instance, an individual who has depression may have been influenced by factors such as past mental health illness, emotional clarity, conflict, self-esteem issues, negative self-image, interpretation biases, dysfunctional attitudes, and frequent thinking of past bad experiences (Remes, Mendes and Templeton, 2021). These factors may affect an individual brain and how they process information, thus causing mental disorder.

Another cause of psychopathology is cultural factors; cultural ideas and beliefs may lead to stress, thus contributing to the development of psychological disorders. Refugees, asylum and migrants often have difficulties adapting to the cultures of the countries they migrate to, a process known as acculturation; if it becomes too stressful, it may cause mental health illness may cause mental (Groen et al., 2019). Stress from adopting to various cultural beliefs and ideas of other cultures may lead to mental disorders.

Social factors are also linked to psychopathology, the conditions that people are born and live, work, or study can have an impact on their mental health. “Factors such as the socioeconomic, the age, gender, race, poverty, education, abuse, financial challenges have been associated with mental illness such as depression” (Remes, Mendes and Templeton, 2021, p8). Therefore, social factors are also linked to cause distress and mental illness.

Interpersonal factors may also cause mental illnesses. For instance, relying too much on people or the ability to stay with people and being unable to control emotions may lead to stress that can develop to mental illnesses.

Studying the causes of mental illness is significant in helping to formulate effective treatment for patients. “Majority of people in the society view that weakness, laziness or lack of willpower leads to the development of mental disorders this has often led to stigmatization which causes discrimination public avoidance and lack of will to help those with mental disability” (Boland Verduin, and Ruiz 2022, p 878). Hence, knowing the causes of mental illness, such as the biological, sociocultural, psychological, and interpersonal factors, is beneficial to the medical field and in eliminating stigma.

References

Boland, R., Verdiun, M., & Ruiz, P. (2021). Kaplan & Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry (12th ed.). Wolters Kluwer Health.

Groen, S. P. N., Richters, A. J. M., Laban, C. J., van Busschbach, J. T., & Devillé, W. L. J. M. (2019). Cultural Identity Confusion and Psychopathology: A Mixed-Methods Study Among Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the Netherlands. The Journal of nervous and mental disease, 207(3), 162–170. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000935

Haywood, D., Baughman, F. D., Mullan, B. A., & Heslop, K. R. (2022). What Accounts for the Factors of Psychopathology? An Investigation of the Neurocognitive Correlates of Internalising, Externalising, and the p-Factor. Brain sciences, 12(4), 421. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12040421

Masten, A. S., & Kalstabakken, A. W. (2018). Developmental perspectives on psychopathology in children and adolescents. In J. N. Butcher & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), APA handbook of psychopathology: Child and adolescent psychopathology., Vol. 2Links to an external site.

Links to an external site.. (pp. 15–36). American Psychological Association.

Remes, O., Mendes, J. F., & Templeton, P. (2021). Biological, Psychological, and Social Determinants of Depression: A Review of Recent Literature. Brain sciences, 11(12), 1633.