Assignment: Clinical Manifestations and Physical Exam Findings

Assignment: Clinical Manifestations and Physical Exam Findings

Assignment: Clinical Manifestations and Physical Exam Findings

Allergic rhinitis

Allergic rhinitis is caused by reactions to airborne allergens like dust, plant pollens, molds, animal dander, wool, food, and air pollutants. Clinical manifestations of Allergic rhinitis include rhinorrhea, stuffy nose, sneezing, itchy red, watery eyes, snoring, and clear or white nasal drainage (Pappas, 2018). In addition, patients present with symptoms of headache, dry, scratchy throat, irritation of the pharynx, earache, loss of smell, fatigue, drowsiness, and malaise. Physical exam findings include swollen and pink nasal mucosa; nasal crease; thin, watery nasal secretions; deviation or perforation of the nasal septum.

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Sinusitis

Sinusitis is characterized by an inflammation of the lining of the paranasal sinuses. Inflammation of the paranasal sinus causes symptoms including pressure and pain in the face, nasal congestion and obstruction, purulent rhinorrhea, loss of smell, halitosis, and productive cough, especially nocturnal (Husain et al., 2018). Other symptoms include headache, malaise, and low-grade fever. On physical examination, the area over the affected sinus is often swollen, tender, and erythematous (Husain et al., 2018). In addition, the nasal mucous membrane is usually erythematous and swollen, and patients can present with yellow or green purulent rhinorrhea. 

Common Cold

           Common cold is caused by infection by Rhinoviruses. The initial and common symptoms of common cold include nasal dryness or irritation, sore throat or throat irritation, nasal discharge, nasal congestion, sneezing, and headache (Pappas, 2018). Other clinical manifestations include facial and ear pressure, loss of sense of smell and taste, cough, hoarseness, and irritability or restlessness. Physical exam findings include a red nose with profuse, dripping nasal discharge and clear, watery, or mucopurulent nasal discharge (Pappas, 2018). In addition, the nasal mucous membranes have a shiny, glassy appearance, without erythema or edema, and patients present with mildly enlarged, non-tender cervical lymph nodes.

References

Husain, S., Amilia, H. H., Rosli, M. N., Zahedi, F. D., Sachlin, I. S., & Development Group Clinical Practice Guidelines Management of Rhinosinusitis in Adolescents & Adults (2018). Management of rhinosinusitis in adults in primary care. Malaysian family physician : the official journal of the Academy of Family Physicians of Malaysia, 13(1), 28–33.

Pappas, D. E. (2018). The Common Cold. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, 199–202.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-40181-4.00026-8